In this paper, the circuit breaker has been selected as one of the protection devices in several applications. Apr 10, 2020 · 3. The power system was designed for a unidirectional power flow from the power plants to the end-consumer over different voltage levels. Factors affecting the number of systems are the need for more than one voltage level and the need for duplicating systems. 3 Comparison between Outdoor and Indoor Sub-Stations 25. Mar 17, 2017 · 2. ) of electric supply is called a Substation. Objectives • By the end of this lecture you should be able to: 1) Classify commonly used antibiotics into six major antibiotic classes of; a) Beta lactams b) Aminoglycosides c) Fluoroquinolones d) Macrolides e) Tetracyclines f) Glycopeptides g) Metronidazole 2) Understand the mechanism of action of each antibiotic class. Aug 15, 2013 · Electricity • Power supply consumption works out to be about 2 KW per household at the city level including domestic, commercial, industrial and other requirements. Power system consists of the generation, transmission, distribution, and substation. Meaning of Substations: Substations serve as sources of energy supply for the local areas of distribution in which these Communication architecture of Substation Automation Systems. The simplest case is where all transmission lines have the same voltage. e. Constructional Features : a sub-station has many components (e. The occupancy classification drives the requirements for many different fire and life safety features. They handle high-voltage electricity, typically in the range of 155,000 to 765,000 volts. 3 Switching Substations; 1. The regional LNs of the stomach are classified into stations numbered from 1 to 20 (Table 2), plus stations 110, 111 and 112. Single Bus Bar 2. Oct 16, 2013 · This document provides an overview of taxonomy and the classification of living organisms. Oct 31, 2016 · 2. Power is supplied to various substations for distribution or to big consumers at this voltage. High Voltage Substations (HV Substations) – Involving voltages between 11 KV and 66 KV. • c-Capacity of the substation should be decided keeping in view the future growth of the load for at least next 5years without needing any augmentation. Indoor substation is inside a building. 3 KV Secondary distribution system- 415 V or 230 V Classification Of Distribution System: It can be classified under different considerations as; 1. etc. With the increasingly heavy task of power inspection, intelligent power inspection robots are used in substations under high-risk working environments, which possess popularization and application value. Main and Transfer Bus Bar System with relevant diagrams. CLASSIFICATION OF SUB-STATIONS…contd 2. • Transformer is not an energy conversion device, but it is device that changes AC electrical power at one voltage level into AC electrical power at another voltage level through the action of magnetic field but with a proportional increase or decrease in the current Apr 11, 2019 · Electric power from the generating station is transmitted at high voltage to the substation located in or near the city. They can be indoor, outdoor box type, outdoor open structure, outdoor low profile, or metal enclosed. Oct 7, 2017 · 21. Classifications of substations on the basis of operating voltage: A substation may be called upon to change voltage level or improve power factor or convert AC power into DC power, etc. c. A substation is a vital part of the electric power grid. In simple terms the problem is often to find the most suitable location within a geographic region where the substation can be built, given the total number of circuits, the destination of the lines, and the rated nominal power of the transformers. Substation A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. , system voltage, position of substation, system flexibility and cost. More detailed classification INDOOR TYPE SUBSTATIONS DESCRIPTION AND CLASSIFICATION: Indoor Type Substations is the substations in which the apparatus is installed within the substation building. Feb 12, 2020 · With a burgeoning global population and a thriving industrial sector, power supply companies are under increasing pressure to adopt innovative and efficient methods. At present, it is the main mode of smart substation construction, and its technology and equipment configuration are also constantly developing and improving. Substation types Based on service • Transformer Substation – Transform power from one voltage to another voltage • Switching Substation – Switching of power lines without transforming voltages • Converting Substation – Conversion of AC - DC – AC (for HVDC transmission) Based on voltage • High voltage Substation - 11kV and 66kV • Extra high voltage Substation - 132kV and Sep 20, 2015 · 6. Keywords—intelligent substation; renewable energy resources; self-healing; IEC 61850, Smart Grid. 1 Transformer Substations; 1. The substations contain power transformers that reduce the voltage from sub-transmission levels to distribution levels, usually in the range of 4. Sep 1, 2020 · Substations may be on the surface in fenced enclosures, underground, or located in special-purpose buildings. Bus bar arrangements in the Sub-Stations: Simple arrangements like 1. Substations can be generally divided into three major types (according to voltage levels): 1. The use of inspection robots not only saves labor costs but also makes the detection task more efficient. Components of Protection System & Classification of Protective Schemes • 8 minutes; Protective Device Numbering and Relay Terminology • 6 minutes; A Walk Through video of Substation-Part 1 • 10 minutes; A Walk Through video of Substation-Part 2 • 9 minutes Oct 26, 2015 · • A gas insulated substation (GIS) is a high voltage substation in which the major structures are contained in a sealed environment with sulfur hexafluoride gas as the insulating medium. TRANSFORMER • A transformer is a static device. According to the service requirement, substations may be classified as follows: 2. Substations are the places where the level of voltage undergoes change with the help of transformers. The sub transmission voltage lines can then serve as a source to distribution substations. T fuse The equipment on secondary side may be distribution switch board . circuit breakers, instrument transformers, etc. • bind to receptors in either the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cell, to form an active receptor­hormone complex • This activated complex Nov 14, 2014 · 4. Graphical Symbols for Various Types of Apparatus and Circuit Elements on Substation Main Connection Diagram. ) or its storage (consuming, like the pumped-storage process). On the basis of nature of Variable- •Quantitative data •Qualitative data •Discrete data •Continuous data •Chronological or temporal data •Geographical or spatial data On the basis of Source of Collection •Primary data •Secondary data On the basis of Presentation •Grouped data •Ungrouped data On the basis on content • Simple Classification •Manifold Classification Mar 22, 2017 · 10. 6 Frequency changer Substations; 1. In such substation the apparatus is installed within the substation building. Fault level and its importance 8. There are several types of substations, each with a specific role within the electricity supply chain: Transmission Substation: These substations are usually located near power plants and are part of the transmission system. This presentation summarizes the key components and functions of an electrical substation. Classification based on application Step Up Substation – Associated with generating station as the generating voltage is low. 1. 6 Underground Sub-Station 25. Fundamentals of power system operation; Objectives of substation design; Overview of the Substation Design and Construction Process. But the new Jan 9, 2019 · 1. P. Distribution System Ana lysis: Voltage drop and Power -loss calculations: Derivation for voltage drop and Power Jun 11, 2020 · Substation Equipment 3. 7 Symbols for Equipment in Sub-Stations 25. A smart substation is typically implemented with a sophisticated combination of smart primary high-voltage equipment and hierarchically networked secondary devices. INTRODUCTION A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Read less Oct 23, 2014 · 5. Sep 28, 2013 · 17. Substation Types and Purposes. On the basis of service rendered 3. Science of microbiology has developed other kind of classification but medically important classification is as follows Jul 21, 2016 · Substations can be classified by their function, such as transformer or industrial substations, or by their control method, such as manual, automatic or supervisory control. 1 Classification of Substations according to Service Requirement. The document outlines the development, aims, applications and coding guidelines of the ICF to provide a standardized system for assessing functioning and disability. Feb 26, 2012 · Generally traction substations will be controlled by SCADA systems and will likely provide power for auxiliary systems such as signaling and other track side purposes. It is used to switch generators, equipment, and circuits or lines in and out of a system. Distribution substations come in many sizes and configurations. Oct 22, 2016 · There are several types including transmission substations, distribution substations, collector substations, converter substations, and switching stations. Patil Manjusha and took place at the Bhivarabai Sawant Institute of Technology & Research in Pune, India. Usually a substation will have number of transformers working in parallel. 1 PURPOSE OF SUBSTATION. Jun 15, 2023 · GIS has a reduced “footprint” than a corresponding air insulated substation, usually less than half the area. Ultra-High Voltage (UHV) Substations (Operating >400 KV) 4). Classification based on construction features Outdoor substation -It is under open sky (rated voltage beyond 66kV). There are two types of electric power; AC power and DC power. Step-down transmission substations are located at switching points in an electrical grid. Such type of substations is usually for the voltage up to 11 KV but can be raised for the 33 KV or 66 KV when the surrounding air is polluted by dust, fumes or gasses, etc. Extra High Voltage (EHV) substations (132-400 kV) 3). Substations are important components of the electrical infrastructure required to keep reliable electricity available for customers. Substation is the part of a power system in which the voltage is transformed from high to low or low to high for transmission, distribution, transformation and switching. Classification of substations, comparison of indoor and out door substations, Transformer substation, pole mounted substations, underground s/s symbols for equipments in substations, Equipment in a transformer substation, bus bar arrangements in substations, key diagram of 66/11 kV substation, 1. In this system, different feeders radiate from a substation or a generating station and feed the distributors Electricity generation is the progression of creating electric power of bases of primary energy. It describes the purpose, function, design characteristics and key properties. watch the full video to understand this concept. Personnel Protection Most company policies require you to notify the dispatch center or substation owner before entering and leaving a substation, which is a good industry practice for several reasons. substation service areas Substations Distinguish the schemes 19. Other Equipment 9. The substations can be classified in several ways including the following: 1 Classification based on voltage levels. Digital technologies, communications and standards are driving the evolution of digital substations. The three main components of a substation are transformers, switchgear, and control equipment. Involve minimum capital cost. Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant and consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several steps. 6 KV or 3. Factors governing the selection of side. 2. Their main functions are toTheir main functions are to receive energy transmitted atreceive . 3, 6. Different methods of connection of interrupters are: a)Bridging Interrupter: An interrupter which is provided at the neutral section to extend the feed from one substation to the overhead equipment normally fed by the other substation in emergencies or when the latter is out of use. Central Electricity Authority - CEA Fortunately, substation construction standards and the National Electrical Safety Code have changed over the years to help reduce hazards. Based on the IEC61850 communication protocol, the functionalities The elements that characterise distribution automation systems are given the definition by the IEEE. Substation Automation at a Glance. 4kV substation Apr 29, 2015 · ppt - Download as a PDF or view online for free. [Also read: Classification of distribution systems according to number of phases and wires involved. Transmission substations integrate transmission lines into a network with multiple parallel interconnections, so that power can flow freely over long distances from any generator to any consumer. A general outline for substation design is provided. etc. Aug 18, 2017 · Substation Contents show Functions of Electrical Power substation Classification of Substations 1. which these are located. The seminar was guided by Prof. However, the two most important ways of classifying them are according to (1) service requirement and (2) constructional features. SAS The substation automation hierarchical architecture is classified by technological implementations. Distribution line generally consist of Feeders Distributers Service mains 9/20/2015 01,02,03,04,05,06,12604 6 Jan 5, 2019 · 2. Differentiate between substation and grid station Grid Station: An electrical grid station is an interconnection point between two transmission ring circuits, often between two geographic regions. According to the type of power used in the distribution system, it is classified into AC distribution system and DC Distribution system. Dec 19, 2018 · Types of Substations by Operating Voltage Levels. SUBSTATION SUBSTATION - A station in the power transmission system at which electric power is transformed to a conveniently used form. Nov 15, 2013 · This document provides details on substation layout and busbar arrangements. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. distribution system. Substation insulation plays a pivotal role in this endeavor, with two predominant systems at the forefront: Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) and Air Insulated Substations (AIS). PRINCIPLE:- A ckt breaker essentially consists of fixed & moving contacts, called electrodes under normal operating conditions, these contacts remain closed & will not open automatically until & unless the systems becomes faulty. Distribution sub-station Introduction: It is link between sub-transmission and distribution system. Such substations are generally located at the receiving end of transmission lines. Indoor substations are usually found in urban areas to reduce the noise from the transformers, to protect switchgear from extreme climate or pollution conditions. The substation equipment discussed in the chapter include: transformers, regulators, circuit breakers and reclosers, air disconnect switches, lightning arresters, electrical bus, capacitor banks, reactors Apr 3, 2024 · Fine-stage Classification: To differentiate substation equipment images with high feature similarity, we propose a plug-in classification module specifically designed for fine-stage classification, as shown in the right module of Figure 2. Types of substation bus schemes Rating of distribution substation different 20. Step-up or Primary Substations – Such types of substations generate low voltage like 3. However, substation automation as a technology has rapidly evolved in the last 10 years and nowadays represents a highly advanced system capable of controlling every single process of a power substation. Easily operated and maintained. Let’s understand the classification of a distribution system in brief. 5 days ago · We will learn about the Classification of Relays, Different Types of Relays like Latching Relay, Reed Relay, Solid State Relay, Differential Relay, Automotive Relay, Timer Delay Relay and many more. These substation also further can be sub categorized Apr 19, 2019 · Busbar Arrangements. It also is used to change AC voltages from one level to another, and/or change alternating current to direct current or direct current to alternating current. The substations classification below is based on the voltage levels they operate and may vary from region to region. • 1 electric substation of 11 KV for a population of 15,000 is recommended for towns/ cities. Operation of substation. In this article we will discuss about:- 1. This substation is constructed at outdoor locations. 25SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Three (3) Main Types: TYPE EXAMPLES CLASTIC • Conglomerate – composed of pieces pebble-size or larger • Sandstone - composed of sand-size pieces • Shale - composed of pieces smaller than fine sand CHEMICAL • Limestone – a whitish or grayish rock made of the mineral calcite. These substations may be as close together as 2 miles in densely populated areas. Jun 23, 2011 · CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATION 1) Indoor type. Apart from transformers a substation houses switches (called circuit breakers), meters, relays for protection and other control equipment. 2 Classification of Substations as Per Nov 11, 2016 · 3. May 7, 2021 · One of the most critical steps in applying NFPA 101®, Life Safety Code®, and other building and fire codes to a space is identifying the correct occupancy classification. 11Kv/440V Substation Ppt A 11Kv/440V substation is a power station where the voltage is converted from 11,000 volts to 440 volts. Main Electrical Connections 5. (d) Frequency Changer Substations Jun 2, 2020 · 9. Sep 22, 2023 · 1 The Classifications of Substations. 1 SUMMER TRAINING REPORT A Report On Practical Training Taken At 400/220 KV SCADA CONTROLLED SUBSTATION OPERATED BY : POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED (A Government of India Enterprise ) Submitted in the Month of July, 2015 by Under the Guidance of Rahul Mehra Mr. Mining Substation- Needs special design consideration because of extra precaution for safety needed in the operation of electric supply. This conversion is done using a transformer. The choice of particular arrangement depends upon viz. system. Aug 8, 2016 · The smart substation, revolutionarily changing every aspect of the modern substation, is developing fast in the world and being massively deployed in China quickly. The Digital Substation Traditional substations have always relied on copper cables connecting together primary equipment like circuit breakers, conventional current and voltage transformers and protection relays. Jan 1, 2019 · 3. This module utilizes standard FC layers to provide flexibility and scalability. Engineer) As part of Bachelor of Technology (Electrical Engineering Nov 22, 2017 · substation bus-bar systems There are many different electrical bus system schemes available but selection of particular scheme depends on: (a) the system voltage. The equipment on primary side may be T. if you have enjoyed and learned from this May 7, 2016 · Substation automation systems (SAS) provide advanced disturbance management and event recording capabilities in T&D networks, resulting in detailed and faster fault analysis. Planning 33/11kV Sub-Station • A- Decision of location • a-The location should be best suited at the load centre of the 11kV net-work • b-Load density and voltage-regulation. Distribution system Distribution system is a part of power system, existing between distribution substations and consumers. Bacteria can be classified in many ways. Substations and Classification of Substations Explained. This isn’t an exhaustive list of all types of substations you’ll ever see, but these are the highlights of substations and the classification of substations that you need to know. GIS technology originated in Japan, where there was a substantial need to develop technology to make substations as compact as possible. 8 Equipment in a Transformer Sub-Station 25. Indoor Type Substations – In such type of substations, the apparatus is installed within the substation building. Power is delivered to high voltage bus through circuit breaker and isolators. HS: First stop signal SS: Placed at an adequate distance from the home signal and marks the point up to which the line should be clear so that the train can be given permission to Aug 30, 2019 · A substation is a facility which is used to step-up or step-down the voltage in the utility power lines, voltage will be stepped up if the power is transmitted through long-distance transmission lines and it will be stepped down when the power is to enter the local distribution line. Meaning of Substations 2. It contains 5 chapters that discuss key topics such as the classification of substations, single line diagrams, descriptions of common instruments in a substation like lightning arrestors, circuit breakers and transformers. In comparison, a conventional (AIS) or Air-Insulated Substation, atmospheric air is the Jan 25, 2024 · Types of Substations according to Operating Voltage Levels. Switching substations: such substations are made for switching operations of power lines without transforming the voltage. IntroductionIntroduction Substation serve as sources ofSubstation serve as sources of quality energy supply for thequality energy supply for the local area of distribution inlocal area of distribution in which these are located. It begins by outlining features of information infrastructures that create opportunities for cyber threats, such as large networks of intelligent devices, lack of network segmentation, and use of unprotected default passwords. M. 4 days ago · General Guidelines for 765/400/220/132 KV Sub-Station & Switchyard of Thermal/Hydro Power Projects Jul 21, 2018 · The choice of a site location for a new substation is a compromise between technical, economic, environmental, and administrative factors. Prohibiting Equipment Storage. Substations: Location of Substations: Rating of distribution substation, service area with ‘n’ Primary feeders, Benefits derived through optimal location of substations, optimal Location of substations. 5 Industrial Substations; 1. They are further classified into: • Indoor sub-stations : all the equipment of such sub-stati Apr 1, 2012 · Classification based on grain size A simple classification of terrigenous clastic rocks and sediment is based on the predominant grain size of the material: 1For the purposes of this general classification we will assign the rock or sediment name shown if more than 50% of the particles are in the range shown. Therefore, we must clarify the classification of the substation transformer load, select the type and impedance of the substation transformer according to the actual situation, and then calculate the transformer capacity to ensure that the selected transformer and its capacity meet the use requirements of the substation and ensure that the Mobile substations are also used during construction projects, such as when a new power plant is being built. A small rural sub-station may have a nominal rating of 5 MVA while an urban station may be over 200 MVA. , beyond the Home signal or up to the starter. These are used to protect the substation equipment from temporary over-voltages, switching impulses, and lightning impulses, and to a certain extent, very fast transient over-voltages. A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Classification of substations by voltage level and indoor/outdoor design is Sep 24, 2015 · 1. Read less Dec 3, 2016 · Anatomical definition of LNs and LN locations. They might have a transformer, depending on the possibly different voltages, so that the voltage levels can be adjusted as needed. The digital substation means Nov 18, 2020 · 25. 2 Classification based on Outdoor or Indoor. On the basis of substation design/installation of equipment or switch-gears 4. On the basis of type of supply 2. Substations can also be classified based on their voltage levels, whether they are indoor or outdoor, and their configuration. For the purposes of this discussion, substation refers to substations and switching stations. Importance of substation. ] Radial distribution system This system is used only when substation or generating station is located at the center of the consumers. : A. , frequency, p. Mar 21, 2023 · Those substations which improve the power factor of the system are called power factor correction substations. Substation which connected with other substations through power transmission lines called Grid substation. Recent substation accident Bangladesh. f. 2 Converting Substations; 1. Dec 11, 2015 · Substations - Download as a PDF or view online for free. May 24, 2022 · Classification of Substation. It is installed to handle power disturbance occurred while transferring power in the grid. Substation A substation is a high-voltage electric system facility. Those substations which change the voltage level of electric supply are called transformer substations. Step-down Substation The step-down substation can change the transmission voltage to a sub transmission voltage, usually 69 kV by using step-down transformer. Design Consideration 5. Elements of a substation. . 6 Square and hexagonal shaped service area within primary feeders 21. In general, an electrical substation is … Apr 27, 1993 · Some of the basic concepts which are common in the design of all substations are described. CONCLUSION The classification system for organisms have been around for a long time. • Steroid hormones are lipophilic (fat­loving) – meaning they can freely diffuse across the plasma membrane of a cell. Classification of Substations 3. Outdoor substation is under open skv. May 15, 2016 · It is operated either by remote control or manually at site. 5 %µµµµ 1 0 obj > endobj 2 0 obj > endobj 3 0 obj >/Font >/XObject >/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R Feb 8, 2014 · Substation An Electrical Substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity Generation , Transmission And Distribution System where voltage is transformed high to low or reverse using transformer. Sep 25, 2014 · 2. Aug 17, 2021 · In this presentation talk about: Able to describe Substation. Sep 16, 2023 · Types of Substations. Indoor substation- This is inside a building (rated voltage beyond 11kV). ) which must be housed properly to ensure continuous and reliable service. High Voltage Substations (HV Substations) (11–66 KV) 2). Apr 27, 2022 · As in the case of single bus arrangement, this scheme also suffers from the disadvantages that in the event of a fault on the main busbar or the associated isolator, the entire substation is lost. Apr 20, 2020 · 6. 4 kV to 34. Substation classification. A substation provides a protected area for switching power circuits and may include transforming power from one voltage to another. On the basis of importance 6. The substation automation system consists of three levels: the station level, the bay level, and the process level (as shown in Figure 2). • They have ratings above 200kVA. Distribution System “The part of power system which distributes electrical power for local use is known as DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. 1. Oct 13, 2016 · It discusses how substations receive power from generating stations and transmission lines and transform voltages to suitable levels for distribution. K E M A , I N C . These substations generally use synchronous condensers as the power factor improvement equipment. It discusses: 1) The main elements of a substation including transformers, relays, circuit breakers, capacitors, and other equipment used to regulate voltage and ensure safety. Apr 13, 2012 · DESIGN CONCEPTS OF 33/11kV NEW SUBSTATION. 3 = Extra high voltage step-down transformer substation 4 = High voltage step-down transformer substation 5 = Distribution substation 6 = Distribution Transformer 7 = Transmission and Distribution Lines 8 = Customer Fig. Substations and their component systems are described, along with the various bus configurations and types of construction in use today. 1 Fundamentals of Modern Electrical Substations: Part 1 – E02-010 Jul 19, 2015 · Classification based on configuration Conventional Air insulated outdoor substation or SF6 Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) Composite substations having combination of the above two. n primary feeder service area, comparison of four and six feeder service area 22. Dec 3, 2016 · The lymphatic drainage from the stomach is anatomically elaborate and it is very hard to predict the pattern of lymph node (LN) metastases from gastric cancer (GC). voltage, ac. This bus arrangement has been extensively used in 132 kV substations. 3 Substation is a very important part in electrical power system. This voltage is stepped up by the help of a step-up transformer for transmitting the power Mar 21, 2021 · Grid Substation; This grid substation is constructed or designed to transfer the bulk power from one point to another point in the grid. For safety, consideration must be given to the maintenance of regulation clearances, facilities for carrying out repairs and maintenance, abnormal occurrences such as possibility of explosion or fire etc . The substation also has other equipment such as switchgear, circuit breakers and protection devices. ” This system is the electrical system between the substation fed by the transmission system and consumer meter. Jul 5, 2020 · 2. Even though a gas isolated substation will initially cost more than a similar air insulated substation, the economics may rationalize its installation where land is pricey, such as city centres. Group I hormones • Includes group of lipophilic hormones that are usually derived from cholesterol (except T3 and T4). System Distribution losses and Optimization Relocating transformers and substations near to the load centres Re-routing the feeders and cables, where the line losses and voltage drops are higher Power factor improvement by incorporating capacitors at the load end. 92 kV. Substation : EHV, HV, MV, LV; HVDC Substation. It is further classified on the basis of voltage Primary distribution system- 11 KV or 6. 16Y/2. Surge Suppressors or Surge Arrestors are very important components of switchgear and substation installations. Jun 10, 2014 · The ICF classification includes components on body functions, structures, activities, participation, and environmental/personal factors. No Chapter Name MP4 Download; 1: Introduction to Electrical Distribution System: Download: 2: Components of Distribution System Substation and Busbar Layouts Apr 10, 2018 · Types of Substations 1. A circuit breaker is a equipment which can:- break a ckt automatically under fault conditions. Sep 8, 2017 · There are several ways of classifying sub-stations. These include: hinge and locking systems with arc resistance, the safe operation of withdrawable units or circuit breakers behind a closed door and patented swing check valves behind venitlation openings on the front, arcing fault barriers or arcing fault detection system combined with the rapid disconnection of arcing faults. Typical main and auxiliary busbar arrangement is shown in Figure 2. Power System Structure and Main Components. Power Transformer: • The transformers used in sub-stations and generating stations are called power transformers. High voltage bus bars are then connected to According to constructional features, the sub stations are classified as: Indoor sub station: these substations can be installed for voltages up to 11kv Outdoor sub station: for voltages beyond 66kv these type of sub stations can be installed Underground sub stations: in thickly populated areas, the space available is less so we install these The document discusses different types of substations including AC and DC substations. Its main function is to receive energy transmitted at high voltage from the generating station, by either step-up or step-down the voltage to a value appropriate Sep 17, 2015 · Passive protections increase personal and system safety many times over. The voltage between any two phases is 400 V and between any phase and neutral is 230 V. O. An overview of substation design and general information for the planning and preparation required to design a Mar 19, 2020 · 9. It defines a substation as a place where voltage is transformed from high to low levels using transformers during electricity transmission and distribution. It discusses the different types of substations based on voltage levels, configuration, and application. 5 Pole-Mounted Sub-Station 25. Transmission substation A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. High-rise buildings may have indoor substations. The figures show examples of small, medium, and large substations. (b) a position of substation in electrical power system. A Substation should be- Located at a proper site and at the center of gravity of load. Bus Switching Scheme 6. Sectionalized Single Bus Bar 3. 4 Power factor correction Substations; 1. However, there are LN stations metastases that are more frequently observed depending on the tumor location. Establishing the need for substation facilities ; The project scope document: what it is and what it should contain ; Site selection and environmental issues Jun 14, 2018 · 5. Classification According to Nature of Supply. Traction substations have harsher operational and stability constraints than normal power distribution substations. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions 25. The technical requirements and the business case for this type of facility depend highly on the customer’s requirements, more so than on utility needs. Feb 3, 2015 · This document is a mini project report on the operation and maintenance of a 132/33kV substation. 2) Maintenance should be possible Substation Components And Their Functions Ppt . At this substation, voltage is stepped down to 11 kV with the help of step-down transformer. 1 Transmission substations. Mar 25, 2024 · Types of substation Classification. %PDF-1. Substation Grounding 4. It also describes the key components of substations, including transformers, circuit breakers, and earthing systems. 10 Terminal and Through Sub-Stations Electrical Substations and their Main Components”, 2012) Fundamentals of Modern May 6, 2021 · Implementation of secondary substations. An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse using transformers. Jan 1, 2019 · The smart substation (or the first generation smart substation): In 2009, the pilot project of a smart substation was established by the SGCC. (d) Simplicity of system. In such cases, substation contains huh-voltage switches that allow lines to be connected or isolated for fault clearance or maintenance. Conventionally, substations have been understood as passive elements with unidirectional power flow. It also covers PLCC and SCADA systems. Smart substations are capable of responding to real-time events, enabling faster restoration of faults and ensuring effective asset management. 6, 11, or 33kV. Lokesh Singh Chundawat Batch: 2012 – 2016 ( Sr. Transformer substations. (c) Flexibility needed in system and cost. The classification of the substation by nature of functions is explained below in details. At each distribution substation, the voltage is stepped down to 400 V and power is delivered by 3-phase,4-wire a. Furthermore, the incidence … Feb 20, 2019 · 5. The leading information and knowledge resource on fire, electrical and related hazards. Town Substation; This substation is installed for the town. components and functions that an intelligent substation automation system may have. We present a fine-grained classification model of substation meters based on a vision Nov 29, 2017 · Classification of Substations on the Basis of Design 1. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels. Converting substations: such substations are made for converting AC to DC or vice versa converting frequency from higher to lower or vice versa. The station may consist of transformers, switches, circuit breakers and other auxilliary equipment. All the power system component requires suitable protection devices as the protection system to protect the system during fault occur. • The word ‘transformer’ comes form the word ‘transform’. The classification of substations below depends on the voltage levels that operate, and it may vary by area. 3 Oct 7, 2015 · Those voltages, typically 11 to 15 kV, are then sent to distribution transformers and load substations for serving regional and local customers. The interconnected network of grid stations is called the grid Classification of Substations by Nature of Duties. to dc. “A” Class Station Where line clear may not be given for a train unless the line on which it is intended to receive the train is clear for at least 400 Mts. 4. The first classification scheme was published in 1773 and many more have appeared since. Substations serve many purposes, including connecting generators, transmission or distribution lines, and loads to each other and generally stepping higher voltages down to lower voltages to meet specific customer requirements. make a ckt either manually or by remote control . Designed for utilities from the electric power industry, it is the step prior to its delivery to end operators (transmission, distribution, other. C. i have explained the Substation and classification of substations. Substation IEC 61850 Protocol Basic It will be helpful for Engineering students to have an overview from a Practical point of view. This chapter discusses the major types of equipment found in most transmission and distribution substations. 5Y/19. Basic Insulation Level and Its importance 7. Without it modern biology could not exist, much in the same way that a grocery store would go out of business if it did not have a classification system. A substation presents an inherent safety hazard because usually only some portions of the Dec 4, 2022 · Similarly, the operations of mobile hoisting equipment and cranes also need to be supervised and controlled by substation personnel. Derivation of K constant 23. According to the IEEE, a Distribution Automation System (DAS) is “a system that enables an electric utility to remotely monitor, coordinate and operate distribution components, in a real-time mode from remote locations”. The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristic (e. Part A discusses substation layout, including a single line diagram and descriptions of common switchyard accessories like lightning arrestors, CVTs, isolators, circuit breakers, transformers, and other equipment. 2 Classification of Sub-Stations 25. Examples of Substation: 400kV/220kV substation 220kV/132kV substation 132kV/33kV substation 33kV/11kV substation 33kV/. Introduction The concepts of signals and systems arise in a wide variety of areas: communications, circuit design, biomedical engineering, power systems, speech processing, etc. Jan 21, 2014 · A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system, where voltage is transformed from high to low, or low to high, or many other important functions. g. Jan 22, 2019 · 4. Apr 26, 2020 · The substations are situated near the consumers’ localities and contain step down transformers. AC substations can be used for distribution, transmission, and interconnection purposes. Sl. Indoor Type Substations are usually for a voltage up to 11,000 V but can be erected for 33,000 V and 66,000 volts when the surrounding atmosphere is contaminated with Tribal Leader Forum Series Feb 7-8 2012 2 Overview •Basics regarding electrical system •Basics of transmission planning •Basics regarding interconnection TOPICS Classification of substations : Indoor & Outdoor substations Substations layout showing the location of all the substation equipment. 2) How substations perform important functions like voltage transformation from high to low voltages, AC to DC rectification electrical substation hazards & safety of substation operation of substation elements of a substation classification of sub-station importance of substation electrical ppt substation substation ppt ppt brief description of substation brief description of substation ppt presentation on electrical substation electrical substation ppt Sep 19, 2017 · This document summarizes an introductory seminar given by Ghayal Rahul Tukaram on the classification of substation and bus bar arrangements. Classification of Sub-Station. Selection and Location of Site 4. 3. 4 Transformer Sub-Stations 25. The secondary substation is the interface between the medium voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV) power system. Extra High Voltage Substations (EHV)– Involving voltages between 132 kV and 400 kV. 1). It has endured several changes and is quite complex. Jan 18, 2016 · This document discusses cyber security threats to modern power substations. Mar 3, 2018 · 8. It explains that taxonomy is the scientific study of naming and grouping organisms based on similarities. circuit breakers, H. Jul 28, 2013 · This document provides an overview of electrical substations, including their classification, components, and specifications. A gas insulated substation (GIS) is a high voltage substation in which the major conducting structures are contained within a sealed environment with a dielectric gas known as SF6, or sulfur hexafluoride gas as the insulating medium. Nov 4, 2018 · The second type of substation, typically known as the customer substation, functions as the main source of electric power supply for one particular business customer. On the basis of design configuration 5. The main functions are to receive energy transmitted at high voltage from the generating station , reduce the voltage to a value appropriate for local 11Kv/440V Substation Ppt . Substations also tend to double up as storage for equipment and other material that find use in the environment, leading to at least a couple of unwarranted risks. 17 North American Projects • Omaha Public Power District (OPPD) – Two Substations and One Training Simulator • MidAmerican Energy Company (Iowa) – Two Substations and One Training Simulator • Los Angeles Department of Water and Power – 179 Substations, Two Development Systems, One Training Simulator Over Five Years • EPCOR Utilities (Edmonton) – Two HVDC Substation. Hazards & safety. A Relay is a type of Switch which can switched ON or OFF with the help of a signal or a pulse of electricity. These Sep 21, 2015 · A power substation can have one or several DC systems. (i) Indoor sub-stations (ii) Outdoor sub-stations Substations located in the middle of a load area are called distribution substations. A standard 7-level classification system was developed by Carolus Linnaeus, with domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera and species. In addition, the following technical considerations must be borne in the mind while deciding an arrangement: 1) Simplicity is the keynote of a dependable system. 9 Bus-Bar Arrangements in Sub-Stations 25. Nov 8, 2014 · This document provides an introduction to electrical substations from Kanahiy Lal, a 5th semester B-Tech student in Electrical Engineering. Feb 21, 2014 · Topics Introduction Classification of Signals Some Useful Signal Operations Some useful signal models 2 3. Feb 17, 2018 · 2. Substation automation system, or shorten SAS, is not a new term, its been in use for the last 30 years. (i) Transformer sub-stations (ii) Switching sub-stations (iii) Power factor correction sub-stations (iv) Frequency changer sub-stations (v) Converting sub-stations (vi) Industrial sub-stations; According to construction features. According to the service requirement. The main function of sub-station is to transform higher voltage (132 kV) to distribution voltage level (11 kV). An urban distribution substation. It is where electricity from generating plants is transformed to a voltage that is suitable for distribution to consumers. Today, normal DC auxiliary supply systems in power substations are operating either on the 110 V or 220 V level, though lower levels exist. otrfzfb tnie uiel jbzg phr kvjnx vfzt masu znelt utjcg